One hundred years ago an asteroid of about 220 million pounds entered Earth's atmosphere above Siberia at a speed of about 33,500 miles per hour. It never hit the ground. Instead it heated the air around it to about 44,500 degrees Fahrenheit and exploded at an elevation of about 28,000 feet. The energy produced was nearly 200 times more powerful than the Hiroshima bomb.
Some of the science behind this event is explained below along with eyewitness information and observations of the blast. Although large impacts are quite rare one of this magnitude is thought to occur about once every three hundred years.
At around 7:17 on the morning of June 30, 1908, a man based at the trading post at Vanavara in Siberia is
sitting on his front porch. In a moment, 40 miles from the center of an immense blast of unknown origin, he
will be hurled from his chair and the heat will be so intense he will feel as though his shirt is on fire. The
man at the trading post, and others in a largely uninhabited region of Siberia, near the Podkamennaya
Tunguska River, are to be accidental eyewitnesses to cosmological history.
"If you want to start a conversation with anyone in the asteroid business all you have to say is Tunguska,"
said Don Yeomans, manager of the Near-Earth Object Office at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. "It is
the only entry of a large meteoroid we have in the modern era with first-hand accounts."
While the impact occurred in '08, the first scientific expedition to the area would have to wait for 19 years.
In 1921, Leonid Kulik, the chief curator for the meteorite collection of the St. Petersburg museum led an
expedition to Tunguska. But the harsh conditions of the Siberian outback thwarted his team's attempt to
reach the area of the blast. In 1927, a new expedition, again lead by Kulik, reached its goal.
"At first, the locals were reluctant to tell Kulik about the event," said Yeomans. "They believed the blast
was a visitation by the god Ogdy, who had cursed the area by smashing trees and killing animals."
While testimonials may have at first been difficult to obtain, there was plenty of evidence lying around.
Eight hundred square miles of remote forest had been ripped asunder. Eighty million trees were on their
sides, lying in a radial pattern.
"Those trees acted as markers, pointing directly away from the blast's epicenter," said Yeomans. "Later,
when the team arrived at ground zero, they found the trees there standing upright -- but their limbs and bark
had been stripped away. They looked like a forest of telephone poles."
Such debranching requires fast moving shock waves that break off a tree's branches before the branches can
transfer the impact momentum to the tree's stem. Thirty seven years after the Tunguska blast, branchless
trees would be found at the site of another massive explosion -- Hiroshima, Japan.
Kulik's expeditions (he traveled to Tunguska on three separate occasions) did finally get some of the locals
to talk. One was the man based at the Vanara trading post who witnessed the heat blast as he was launched
a few yards. His account:
Suddenly in the north sky. the sky was split in two, and high above the
forest the whole northern part of the sky appeared covered with fire.
At that moment there was a bang in the sky and a mighty crash. The
crash was followed by a noise like stones falling from the sky, or of
guns firing. The earth trembled.
The massive explosion packed a wallop. The resulting seismic shockwave registered with sensitive
barometers as far away as England. Dense clouds formed over the region at high altitudes which reflected
sunlight from beyond the horizon. Night skies glowed, and reports came in that people who lived as far
away as Asia could read newspapers outdoors as late as midnight. Locally, hundreds of reindeer, the
livelihood of local herders, were killed, but there was no direct evidence that any person perished in the
blast.
"A century later some still debate the cause and come up with different scenarios that could have caused the
explosion," said Yeomans. "But the generally agreed upon theory is that on the morning of June 30, 1908, a
large space rock, about 120 feet across, entered the atmosphere of Siberia and then detonated in the sky."
It is estimated the asteroid entered Earth's atmosphere traveling at a speed of about 33,500 miles per hour.
During its quick plunge, the 220-million-pound space rock heated the air surrounding it to 44,500 degrees
Fahrenheit. At 7:17 a.m. (local Siberia time), at a height of about 28,000 feet, the combination of pressure
and heat caused the asteroid to fragment and annihilate itself, producing a fireball and releasing energy
equivalent to about 185 Hiroshima bombs.
"That is why there is no impact crater," said Yeomans. "The great majority of the asteroid is consumed in
the explosion."
Yeomans and his colleagues at JPL's Near-Earth Object Office are tasked with plotting the orbits of
present-day comets and asteroids that cross Earth's path, and could be potentially hazardous to our planet.
Yeomans estimates that, on average, a Tunguska-sized asteroid will enter Earth's atmosphere once every
300 years. On this 100th anniversary of the Tunguska event, does that mean we have 200 years of largely
meteor-free skies?
"Not necessarily," said Yeomans. "The 300 years between Tunguska-sized events is an average based on
our best science. I think about Tunguska all the time from a scientific point of view, but the thought of a
another Tunguska does not keep me up at night."
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While the impact occurred in 1908, the first scientific expedition to the area would have to wait for 19 years.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL |
This article was published as a NASA feature in June, 2008.
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